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In this paper, we examined the relationship of sports performance and revenue generation in the English Premier League (EPL) to understand how performance on the field impacts financial performance of professional football clubs. Further, we verified if increased wage expenses help improve sports performance. Independent dynamic models were estimated by GMM on panel data including N = 28 EPL teams and on a reduced data set excluding the top six teams (N = 22), spanning from the 2008/2009 to 2018/2019 seasons (T = 11). The results of the GMM models confirmed that sports performance and revenue generation significantly correlate. Teams with better sports performance do generate higher revenues. Additionally, higher wage expenses result in better sports performance. A positive relationship of the variables in both hypotheses were established in both directions (full data). In all analyses of reduced data, the parameters of interest are nonsignificant. Dependencies exist due to the top teams.

The use of digital technologies for state-relevant institutions, government organisations and administrations has grown steadily in recent decades. Therefore, the question arises whether the mastery of these technologies has an influence on a state’s ability to act and whether state sovereignty is affected. In the European Union, the concept of digital sovereignty of states is being intensively discussed. However, it is unclear what exactly is meant by the term digital sovereignty and how it can be defined. The research gap is the lack of a clear qualitative and quantitative definition of that term, so that the goal of the article is to provide an overview of a qualitative definition. That is the basis for a quantiative model. To achive that goal a hierarchical component model is developed for concretisation. Furthermore, the components are decomposed into sub-components, each of which is then quantified by suitable metric parameters, which are populated from secondary data sources for states and subjected to selected quantitative analyses. To verify and validate whether the component model and the parameters are suitable and robust for measuring digital sovereignty, a comparative index is formed and compared with existing indices.

Renewable power generation, especially wind power and solar power, is experiencing a strong expansion worldwide and especially in Germany. With high shares of these methods of power generation, energy storage is needed to enable a demand-oriented power supply even with weather-related fluctuations in generation. Against the background of a power supply based entirely on wind and solar power, the question arises as to what total costs arise with the inclusion of storage systems, which is the subject of this article. The calculation model uses hourly resolved real data of German electricity generation from the years 2012 to 2018 to determine the required storage capacities. The electricity generation costs used range between 0.02 and 0.10 EUR/kW/h. The costs for the considered energy storages are calculated based on the Levelised Cost of Storage (LCOS) metric. It is concluded that in an electricity supply system based on wind and solar power, it is not the electricity generation that causes the greatest costs, but the storage. With electricity generation costs of 0.06 EUR/kW/h, the total system costs are in a range of 0.19 to 0.28 EUR/kW/h. This means that, in terms of costs, energy storage is more significant than electricity generation.

COVID-19 has dramatically changed the economic scenery. Despite the austerity measures and decreasing resources, it might lead to an increase of the significance of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as the key for sustainable growth and prosperity. The luxury fashion industry is known for its lavish commitment to CSR as expressed by owners and top management. However, the bottom perception is unclear. A longitudinal front-line case study of the perception of the significance of CSR by the low management and customers allows for filling in this vacuum and to comparatively assess the annual evolution from December 2019 to November 2020. The holistic Meta-Analysis using informal open-interview and mystery shopping techniques and the investigative questionnaire with the Pearson Chi-squared test reveals a fragmented and only slightly raised significance of the CSR by the low management and customers. This disappointing finding has inherent limitations and calls for further studies.

Globally, the financial industry in the recent times has witnessed various forms of fraudulent activities in the financial markets creating dilemma for the professionals, and the auditors who owns responsibility of ensuring accuracy and transparency. This article aims at finding the emergence of Big Data technology to fraud and forensic accounting by practitioner accountants in India. A research model and hypotheses has been developed to examine the relationship between the awareness level of forensic accounting, Big Data and intentions to use it for fraud detection using structural equation modeling. Results indicate that awareness of forensic accounting has a positive influence on practitioners’ intentions to its use for fraud detection. Big data technologies mediate the relationship between awareness and intentions to use for fraud detection. The results of the study are useful in implementation of Big Data technologies into the forensic accounting domain that can facilitate combating fraud.

This paper explores the question of computer skills applicability on individual occupation level in the Netherlands using two web-based data sources: the WageIndicator online survey and job vacancies posted online. The aim of this study is to explore these innovative data sources and compare the information obtained from them with the computer skill requirements inferred from the ISCO occupation classifications. Using the WageIndicator survey, we found a very high incidence of computer use reported by the holders of nearly all office occupations and a substantial degree of computer use by the holders of skilled manual occupations. With a partial exception of the unskilled work in elementary occupations, we find that Dutch job holders are very likely to use computers even in occupations, which are not associated with any relevant tasks. We were able to confirm the robustness of our finding by benchmarking our figures against the PIAAC survey. An older version of this article has been published as a dissertation chapter.

This research investigates factors influencing domestic energy demand among rural households. Data were collected from 260 randomly sampled household heads in the study area. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Tobit regression were used for the analysis. Tobit regression results revealed that gender, household size, income, occupation, farm size, and per capita expenditure were significant in influencing the use of fuelwood; age, gender, household size, occupation, education, and per capita expenditure for charcoal, while age, marital status, income, education and per capita expenditure were significant determinants in the use of kerosene. Also, income, occupation, and per capita expenditure were the factors influencing the use of electricity among rural households in the study area. The study concluded that apart from income, other household variables were significant in determining energy usage. The study, therefore, recommended that government and stakeholders should develop policies that will promote the use of safe, reliable, and clean energy sources in order to reduce the negative environmental consequences while also enhancing human life quality.

This article evaluates the production possibilities of the electricity sector in selected EU countries. The estimates for production functions are based on the financial data of individual companies in the selected sector. The analysis was based on a linearized version of the two-factor Cobb-Douglas production function, which was subsequently modified to compare productivity results by company size and country. The countries were selected based on the results of a cluster analysis. The cluster analysis was performed using aggregated data on the shares of energy sources in production in the electricity sector. The results show that companies from countries with a high share of renewables (such as Denmark) perform the worst in terms of total productivity. Furthermore, it was found that large companies have significantly higher productivity when compared to their smaller competitors.

This paper identifies the relationship between changes in oil prices and the returns of the world's highest-producing oil companies. Oil companies are divided into state-owned (national) and private companies. This paper focused on three different time periods to identify the relationship between changes in oil price and stock market returns by examining the specific backgrounds of each period. The results revealed that during oil's bearish market, it was more beneficial for investors to prefer state-owned companies to optimise their portfolios. The risk analysis focused on systematic risk, and the beta coefficients confirmed that state-owned companies are less sensitive to market shocks. State-owned companies are supported by governments during periods of downtrends in oil prices; therefore, they are less likely to go bankrupt. However, these companies do not have as much flexibility as private companies to cut their costs; therefore, they are more negatively affected by market movements not defined by shocks.

This study investigates the impact of agricultural financing and agricultural output growth on employment generation in Nigeria from 1981 to 2017. The study adopts the framework of the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model for analysis. The empirical results show that while agricultural financing increases employment generation in both the short run and long run, the lag of agricultural output growth increases employment generation mainly in the short run. Other variables found to have significant effect on employment generation were price and agricultural output while labor force population, wages and aggregate expenditure were insignificant. The study concludes that policy makers should endeavor to see that every fund allocated for a specific agricultural schemes and interventions should be fully utilized for its purpose. To increase employment opportunities, there should be careful monitoring of the implementation of each scheme and policy to realize their specific objectives.

When China entered the World Trade Organization (WTO) in December 2001, it also accepted some trade commitments in the area of state regulation, which have influence on the liberal free trade. The object of the paper is to highlight the changes that occurred in the selected areas of state regulation in the period 2001-2015, and to find out if China fulfilled its WTO commitments in the selected areas of state regulation. The aim of the qualitative research carried out in the area of state trading, price controls and state enterprises was to show the fact that although China liberalised its market in compliance with its trade commitments in the WTO, some strategic sectors of economy have remained under the influence of the Chinese state all the time.

The study analyses the economics intuition that the domestic savings may determine the investments in a country. The assumption is tested on domestic savings between 1982 and 2016 in Southeast Asia economies in a panel regression framework. The hypothesis is that domestic savings stimulate economic growth through investment financing and, thus, the high savings rate observed in Southeast Asian countries can contribute to the outstanding GDP growth in the region. The tests sort out the significant determinants of investments. The analysis successfully indicates the significance of domestic savings beside other variables, and confirms the hypothesis, namely, the domestic savings affect investments and indirectly the economic growth, while FDI does not prove to be significant.

This study evaluates the impact of influencer marketing on consumers. Although online influencers are long established in German B2C markets, research in the field is scarce. Marketing managers are unsure how influencer marketing strategies should be drafted and which influencers should be recruited in order to maximize their marketing efforts at the consumer level. Based on a review of previous theoretical and empirical literature, a mixed method empirical study comprising semistructured interviews with three German fashion influencers and a consumer survey (N = 385) among the followers of these influencers are conducted to evaluate the impact of influencer activity on consumer followership, brand awareness and purchase intention. Results indicate that the intensity of influencer network involvement, intrinsic influencer motivation, authenticity of communication style and the real-life character of influencer posts increase the dependent variables. Hence, the empirical study has contributed to identify the most important determiners for the German B2C fashion influencer segment. Marketing managers are strongly advised to select influencers adequately and organize their marketing strategy in correspondence with their company and products.

Scarcity, or limited resources, is the fundamental economic problem the humanity faces continuously. Without it, economics would be meaningless. Science-fiction literature depicts societies where abundance is becoming persistent feature. Humans no longer participate in the production process itself, machines become sentient thanks to artificial intelligence and everyone has access to all goods and services desired. Scarcity as a multiple-born phenomenon, namely originating with labour and land, has been eradicated. Everyone is fully satisfied, exchange is non-existing, the medium of exchange - money - is no longer required. This paper compares some of the most representative economic thoughts in science - fiction genre since 1910s. Main purpose is to identify whether the societies have really achieved post-scarcity or they are only transitional theories, suffocating from still-present scarcity. Results of the paper suggest that even though the societies look like and are presented as they achieved post-scarcity, they are still experiencing scarcity in certain forms and use a medium of exchange to redistribute resources. This implies that these theories rather depict a socialistic utopia than a fully emerged post-scarcity society, even in the most progressive novels scarcity still occurs. Only the Culture series indicate signs of fully developed post-scarcity era.

This paper empirically examines the influence of desk sharing on the various forms of employee commitment. Previous literature has examined the influence of innovative workspace on employee satisfaction as well as the possible the benefits and disadvantages of desk sharing, but not the influence desk sharing may have on employee commitment. Our study examines the level of commitment in organisations that apply desk sharing compared to those with traditional office settings, finding that desk sharing does not necessarily have a negative influence on commitment. Indeed, desk sharing employees show higher level of affective commitment when applied moderately. However, a radical application of desk sharing leads to lower commitment; thus, when applying desk sharing it is important to consider the specific conditions, organizational needs as well as managerial example. The findings point to a number of implications relating to the application of desk sharing and other flexible office settings.

This study was focused on application of perceptual carrying capacity concept in the environment of trade fairs. The main contribution of this study is exploration of customers' attitude towards overcrowding at trade fairs as there is not known any study with focus on these events. For this purpose, the eye tracking experiment was conducted, where different images depicting different level of visitors were used. In addition, the aim of the study was to identify what is at the centre of people's attention when looking at photographs taken at trade fairs. The study was conducted with 30 respondents from generation Y. The results imply that the number of people is a very important factor in deciding whether to attend these events (in this case trade fairs) or not at all. Simultaneously the in-depth interviews showed that people tend to have more of a negative attitude towards both overcrowding and a low number of people perceived at an event. This study also suggests that the optimal number of people at trade fairs is not extreme, not too low or not too high.

Web anonymization tools have been used for a long time, primarily by the users afraid of possible undesirable consequences of their on-line activity on the web. The paper analyzes both historically proven anonymization tools like TOR and newer tools, namely JAP/JonDo and CyberGhost VPN that are based on slightly modified technological principles. The primary focus is given to the measurement and evaluation of the latency increase and the transmission speed decrease in comparison to normal (non-anonymized) web browser operation. Results show that all anonymization tools being subject of the analysis provide relatively moderate latency increase. On the opposite, the transmission speed decrease was more significant, especially for JonDo. This confirms the conclusions of previous studies resulting that no anonymization tool is suitable for daily web browsing. On the other hand, in the case when higher anonymity is required, their use can be reasonably comfortable from the point of view of latency increase. However, their usefulness for downloading larger files is always disputable.

Rapid progress of information and communication technologies (ICTs) affected the evolution of sexual harassment. Cybersexual harassment can be exposed via social media but as well might be a tool for harassers to attack or stalk individuals after anonysmously. This evolution of phenomenon enter to virtual reality require changes in differenr levels: individual, enterprise and state to counter the hybrid threats. The proposed conceptual framework reflects the main vulnerable groups, consequences. These main aspects trigger for the development of ICTs in order to change organizational policies, political and security regulations.

The automotive industry has reached a very high level of international integration. It expanded in Russia at the end of the first decade of the century. The paper aims at describing the problems encountered in the first years of the process and how car manufacturers and their suppliers have evolved and adapted over a period of almost 10 years. Using a qualitative inductive methodology, based on interviews of Western European and Russian participants to the expansion, and using a case of failure as an extreme situation, the author identifies a certain number of influencing factors and describes how they have evolved trough the years. Finally, the paper concentrates on two phenomena that need more investigation, i.e. the reason for a small representation of Russian suppliers and the generic subculture of Russians working for foreign corporations. The results provide also a model of the implantation process on a new market that can be used for further research or to train and support managers involved in international projects.

Vietnam, is one of the developing countries, which approaches new technology, especially Internet is extremely fast approximately 67.1% in the population in 2017. With the boosting of information technology, it creates a new environment and tool to reach the customers' requirement. The new and effective method of narrowing the gap between the distributors and clients is electronic commerce (e-commerce). E-commerce is one of the most innovative expansions of the technologies that enable small and medium-sized enterprise (SMEs) access to global communication and trade. It can help SMEs expand their businesses to global market and increase sales, reduce costs as well as profits. In order to explore the impact of e-commerce as a novel way to boost the development in Vietnamese SMEs, this paper investigated the benefits and barriers of SMEs in e-commerce. Therefore, a questionnaire survey was conducted to study the impact of e-commerce on SMEs in Vietnam. From the results of this survey, we strongly believed that e-commerce is the main key to bring a lot of benefits to not only SMEs but also big companies in Vietnam.

The article deals with the impact that the EU enlargement had on productivity of firms in accessing countries, particularly Romania and Bulgaria that accessed EU in 2007. Microeconomic data suggest that the impact of accession itself can be negative in a short run in case of countries that received promised benefits in disintegrated manner and also experienced problems with obliging requirements of EU accession that resulted in negative measures taken. The negative short run effect can hinder the benefits in the euphoria following the accession and therefore could be considered as part of accession process in certain situations.

This paper deals with cultural differences in states around Europe. People represent key resources of the companies where flexi forms are necessary way how to reach goals. Hofstede's Cultural Dimension Theory can find many answers. Application of new culture and flexi forms may improve work organization, working time and family life of employees. This paper utilizes survey data obtained from Hofstede Institute research fields and Eurostat database. Set hypotheses are supported by six auxiliary questions what help reach conclusions, how integration slowly cancelled national differences between nations.

A successful integration of migrants in the society as well as of older employees in the organisation is getting more important based on demographic changes. The central aim of the investigation is to deal with problem fields of the Human Resource Management, which arise by demographic changes regarding migration and the ageing society. Therefore, an explorative qualitative study with human resource managers and diversity representatives of the large DAX companies was conducted. The views of leaders and employees with and without an immigration background regarding diversity potentials in organisation are compared in this study. The results indicate that diversity is important for organisation. Employees have recognised the importance of diversity. Managers have not recognised the seriousness and urgency of cultural diversity and diversity actions. Human resource managers are not able to assess the additional stress of migrants correctly and to consider them in their day-to-day management and diversity actions.

The article focuses on the Age Management philosophy and the concept of Work-life balance in the selected Czech banking institutions. The objective of the article is, inter alia, to determine whether the selected Czech banking institutions are dominated by stereotypical perception of the employees and further to reflect over how the concept of the Work-life balance can affect the context of aging of the population and the Age Management philosophy. The article presents a view of some of the results of quantitative and qualitative research conducted in the selected Czech banking institutions in the Czech Republic. The research group of the questionnaire survey included in total 180 employees of banking institutions working in and responsible for the area of human resource management and 282 employees of the 50+ age category. The results of the inquiries show that these institutions are more or less not dominated by prejudices and the corporate culture is welcoming and friendly to all the employees regardless of their biological age. The satisfaction with the measures carried out in the Czech Republic in association with the 50+ employees was assessed rather negatively. The concept of Work-life balance is supported across the board, not based on the context of the Age Management philosophy.

This contribution deals with issues of corporate taxation in relation with economic growth. Its main objective is to quantify and analyse the relation of corporate taxation and economic growth using of OECD countries. The corporate tax rate is approximated by effective corporate tax rates such as corporate tax quota, marginal effective and average tax rates as determined by micro-forward looking approach and the alternative approach World Tax Index. The relation of taxation and economic growth is verified using an econometric model based on panel regression methods and tests using a dynamic panel. The model has shown a negative impact on economic growth for all six of the selected corporate tax approximators under the assumed significant level. A quantitatively higher negative impact has been verified in the case of labour taxation.

Recent studies have underlined a limited scope of research published with regard to the impact of cybercrimes, which is investigated by applying the scientific literature analysis and surveys. This paper focuses on in-depth research on cybercrime costs by analysing the information from selected online materials in order to reveal a research gap. To support the contributions of the research in the field, two methods, namely, literature review and statistical analysis were employed. The findings reveal that several interested parties such as independent IT companies, governmental and non-governmental institutions have conducted various surveys to identify the impact of cyberattacks. The main challenges and vulnerabilities of analysing cybercrime costs can be overcome by further investigations.

The objective of the study was in two parts; first, to construct an overall risk index to ascertain risk level of banks listed on Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE), second, to ascertain whether there is a significant relationship between risk management and bank performance. Secondary data of all listed banks on GSE over the period 2007-2014 was used and a panel regression data approach and a risk index were constructed for all listed banks. Findings show that, banks listed on Ghana Stock Exchange have declining risk indexes on average over the latter part of the study period indicating that the Ghanaian Banking Regulator may have to impose additional prudential and regulatory requirements to ensure banks remain solvent. We also find evidence that risk management is positively related to performance of GSE listed banks when the latter is measured from ROE perspective.

In this article we evaluate three chosen restaurants in Nitra city from the perspective of visual proposal of chosen communication tool, which can be effective for influencing of restaurant's guests to visit each restaurant. It might be done through techniques and methods used in neuroscience. The consumer neuroscience is the area of marketing that studies the sensomotoric, cognitive and affective consumer's reactions on different marketing stimulus. In this article, we use Eye Tracker as one of biometric methods and we research, how restaurant's leaflets can be attractive for guests and in the conclusion we suggest some tips for marketing communication doing for three restaurants in practice. Means of biometric and neuroimaging technologies it's found out, how the consumers do the unconscious purchasing decisions and what's part of brain is responsible for these processes that 95% of human thinking and activities become just real in subconscious. This paper is a part of Scientifics project VEGA 1/0874/14 (2014-2016): "Using of neuromarketing in the food visual merchandising", solved at the Department of Marketing and Trade, FEM-SUA.

We examine the fundamental determinants of nominal home price growth from 1995 to 2012 across 300 metropolitan areas in the U.S. This sample period provides a trough-to-trough time period that allows for analysis through a complete business cycle. By using a supply-to-demand ratio for home price appreciation, we identify a straightforward and powerful method for predicting home price appreciation across markets. We suggest an alternative and simple method for addressing endogeneity in house prices and include a comprehensive measure of human capital. We find five significant factors: home supply growth, personal income growth, human capital, an ocean dummy, and geographic constraint.

The article focuses on how milk packaging is perceived by generation Y. The required data were obtained through eye-tracking using the SMI RED 250 device. Additionally an in-depth interview and a short questionnaire were included in the experiment to obtain complementary qualitative data. The research took place during November 2014 in the Eye Tracking Laboratory at Mendel University. In total 110 respondents representing generation Y participated in the experiment. The research analyzed the front of 12 types of milk packaging. The main objective was to determine which package attributes attract the most attention among consumers. The research shows that the most attention is given to the milk brand as well as claims with additional information, such as fat content and quantity. Additionally, the respondents were asked to rank the packaging samples from the best to the worst. Finally the respondents had to decide which of the products they would buy. The results provide valuable insights to create customized, eye-catching packaging for consumers.