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The clarion call for reform in bank regulation that ensures sound financial system and better performance following the financial melt-down of 2007–2009 across the globe has made it necessary to identify reforms that ensure these objectives are achieved. Using the most recent Banking Regulation and Supervision Survey of the World Bank and showing through empirical evidence, this paper adds to recent literature on the assessment of the impact of bank regulation on the profitability of banks across the globe. An Orbis financial database for 7535 banks observations in 114 countries over the period 2011–2018 is used for this study. The study shows that stringent capital requirement has positive and very significant impact on bank profitability. Same result is reported for Accounting/Information disclosure implying that regulations that strictly enforce information disclosure by banks to stakeholders eventually impacts positively on profitability. However, regulation on discipline/Problem institutions/exit has very significant and negative impact on bank profitability. Finally, the study again shows through the  results that restriction on banking activities has positive impact on bank profitability though not significant just as expected.

Recent studies tend to scrutinize the convergence and growth patterns of various socioeconomic variables among countries or regions, as well as their per capita income. This study as a new approach examines the growth rate and convergence inclination of real per capita exports among the 81 provinces of Türkiye for the period 2004–2021. The role of imports and their subcategories (intermediate, capital, and consumer goods) is also considered in this context. The results of the non-spatial panel model show that real per capita exports converge among provinces in both absolute and conditional terms. On the other hand, while total imports as well as imports of intermediate goods and capital goods contribute to export growth and convergence of the provinces, imports of consumer goods have no effect. According to the results, spatial interaction among provinces is notable. The results do not change significantly depending on the estimates of the DSAR model (Dynamic Spatial Autoregressive Model), identified as the appropriate specification.

The aim of this article is to analyse the flight delay causes at base airports (Prague, Brno, Ostrava, Budapest, Bratislava, Katowice, and Warsaw), with a special focus on a selected airline company operating in the central European region. To process the data, methods of multivariable statistics, namely tests of independence in contingency tables, the Kruskal-Wallis testing, cluster analysis, and correspondence analysis were used. Apparently, both charter and scheduled flights have the same percentage of delayed flights, delays occur most frequently in June, and Boeing 737-800 reported delays more frequently than Airbus A320. The research has shown that the highest number of delayed flights occurs in Budapest, the lowest number in Katowice. During the night, short delays occur most often, long delays most frequently arise in the evening. The most common cause for longer delays is technical maintenance or an aircraft defect and previously delayed flights. The flight dispatch by supplier companies is the source accounting only for rather short delays. Overall, the delayed flights frequency increases with the  size of the city and the airport.

The geographical location of Ukraine provides a multitude of possibilities for successful investment activity. There are rich natural resources, a fertile soil and a qualified low-cost labour force. On the other hand, investors have to deal with historical ties to the Soviet Union, corruption, and political instability exacerbated by occupation of part of the territory by Russia. This paper deals with the possibility of identifying the investment attractiveness of the particular sectors in Ukraine by the level of concentration measured by the Herfindahl-Hirschman index. Accounting data of companies taken from the Orbis database are evaluated by ABC analysis and the general linear model. The results point to significant dependency of variables representing investment attractiveness on the Herfindahl-Hirschman index, where deviations are explained by sectoral specifics.

In this paper, we examined the relationship of sports performance and revenue generation in the English Premier League (EPL) to understand how performance on the field impacts financial performance of professional football clubs. Further, we verified if increased wage expenses help improve sports performance. Independent dynamic models were estimated by GMM on panel data including N = 28 EPL teams and on a reduced data set excluding the top six teams (N = 22), spanning from the 2008/2009 to 2018/2019 seasons (T = 11). The results of the GMM models confirmed that sports performance and revenue generation significantly correlate. Teams with better sports performance do generate higher revenues. Additionally, higher wage expenses result in better sports performance. A positive relationship of the variables in both hypotheses were established in both directions (full data). In all analyses of reduced data, the parameters of interest are nonsignificant. Dependencies exist due to the top teams.

Gender equality is the state where both men and women get equal opportunities, rights and status. Our exploratory research focuses on the situation in Armenia, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia. Unlike usual researches where traditionally countries from the West and East of Europe are investigated our exploratory research focuses on countries from the Eastern Block. These countries support gender equality in the labor market; however, they contribute in strengthening the traditional family model with the length of parental leave. Based on our exploratory research we can identify patterns showing that the opinion of society about the distribution of gender roles has undergone changes in these post-socialist countries. In general, there is a common understanding about equal rights of men and women. But still, in all investigated countries, there are “traditionally” thinking people, who tend to keep the strict role-distribution of gender in child upbringing, participation of women in political and managerial matters. The results of our exploratory research can guide the human resource departments and organizations who deal with labor market in their professional orientation activities among younger generation and be a base for a future large sample research to prove the identified patterns highlighted after analyzing the sample used by the authors.

Vietnam, is one of the developing countries, which approaches new technology, especially Internet is extremely fast approximately 67.1% in the population in 2017. With the boosting of information technology, it creates a new environment and tool to reach the customers' requirement. The new and effective method of narrowing the gap between the distributors and clients is electronic commerce (e-commerce). E-commerce is one of the most innovative expansions of the technologies that enable small and medium-sized enterprise (SMEs) access to global communication and trade. It can help SMEs expand their businesses to global market and increase sales, reduce costs as well as profits. In order to explore the impact of e-commerce as a novel way to boost the development in Vietnamese SMEs, this paper investigated the benefits and barriers of SMEs in e-commerce. Therefore, a questionnaire survey was conducted to study the impact of e-commerce on SMEs in Vietnam. From the results of this survey, we strongly believed that e-commerce is the main key to bring a lot of benefits to not only SMEs but also big companies in Vietnam.

Older adults are the most vulnerable group to suffer from health care cost burdens which may result in barriers to health care consumption. Aiming to evaluate the relationship between cost-induced unmet need and specific age-related health conditions among the European 50+ population we perform age-specific regressions using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. The results show that unmet need is strongly associated with emotional disorders, arthritis and heart attack across all age groups. High blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, chronic lung disease, stomach ulcers, and fractures are significant correlates for specific age groups. This highlights the importance of a health condition-specific as well as age-specific approach when reducing inequalities in access to health care. Policy makers therefore should pay more attention to financial barriers accessing health care for specific groups of the older population and consider complementary protective features for people with specific health conditions.

In this paper, we empirically investigate the effect of short selling on market volatility during exogenously-induced uncertainties. Using the Covid-19 pandemic and the onset of the Russian-Ukraine Conflicts periods as event study, we employ the asymmetric EGARCH model. We show high persistence and asymmetric effects of market volatility during the pre-covid outbreak and post-covid outbreak periods. We find evidence that short selling increases market volatility during the pre-covid outbreak period while the period of the Russian-Ukraine conflict is characterized by reduced volatility. We find no evidence of short selling effect on market volatility during the post-covid outbreak period. Our findings provide significant implications for short-selling strategies during crisis periods.

Globally, the financial industry in the recent times has witnessed various forms of fraudulent activities in the financial markets creating dilemma for the professionals, and the auditors who owns responsibility of ensuring accuracy and transparency. This article aims at finding the emergence of Big Data technology to fraud and forensic accounting by practitioner accountants in India. A research model and hypotheses has been developed to examine the relationship between the awareness level of forensic accounting, Big Data and intentions to use it for fraud detection using structural equation modeling. Results indicate that awareness of forensic accounting has a positive influence on practitioners’ intentions to its use for fraud detection. Big data technologies mediate the relationship between awareness and intentions to use for fraud detection. The results of the study are useful in implementation of Big Data technologies into the forensic accounting domain that can facilitate combating fraud.

In Vietnam, Land-Use Right Certificates (henceforth referred as LURCs) can be issued to either individuals or households. If the land and asset are defined as common property of husband and wife, both have the right of land use or asset ownership. In this study, we assess the impact of land use rights on household welfare using Vietnam Household Living Standard Surveys 2004 and 2014. We find a strong effect of jointly-titled LURCs of residential land on formal and informal credit. Having jointly-titled LURCs increases the amount of formal credit by 35.1% and informal credit by 18.9%. We also estimate the effect of having jointly-titled LURCs on per capita expenditure. Jointly-titled LURCs of agricultural land and residential land help households increase per capita expenditure by 1.6% and 2.5%, respectively.

This paper explores the question of computer skills applicability on individual occupation level in the Netherlands using two web-based data sources: the WageIndicator online survey and job vacancies posted online. The aim of this study is to explore these innovative data sources and compare the information obtained from them with the computer skill requirements inferred from the ISCO occupation classifications. Using the WageIndicator survey, we found a very high incidence of computer use reported by the holders of nearly all office occupations and a substantial degree of computer use by the holders of skilled manual occupations. With a partial exception of the unskilled work in elementary occupations, we find that Dutch job holders are very likely to use computers even in occupations, which are not associated with any relevant tasks. We were able to confirm the robustness of our finding by benchmarking our figures against the PIAAC survey. An older version of this article has been published as a dissertation chapter.

Climate change poses a serious threat for aquacultural productivity. Employing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, this research aims to evaluate the economic impact of climate change on aquaculture in Vietnam, drawing on time series data from 1981 to 2013 and including aquaculture yield, acreage, investment, labor, temperature, rainfall, and damage costs to aquaculture caused by natural disasters. The results show that aquaculture yield depends not only on the current value of inputs, but also on their lag values and the yield itself. The results also show that rainfall, storm surges and tropical cyclones negatively affect aquaculture production. After any natural disaster, it takes at least two years to recover from the repercussions for productivity and return to the previous norm. To reduce the vulnerability of aquacultural communities, this study suggests that the state could establish a climate resilience fund specifically for small and medium-scale aquaculture farmers, providing special financial support for those affected by natural disasters.

This article evaluates the production possibilities of the electricity sector in selected EU countries. The estimates for production functions are based on the financial data of individual companies in the selected sector. The analysis was based on a linearized version of the two-factor Cobb-Douglas production function, which was subsequently modified to compare productivity results by company size and country. The countries were selected based on the results of a cluster analysis. The cluster analysis was performed using aggregated data on the shares of energy sources in production in the electricity sector. The results show that companies from countries with a high share of renewables (such as Denmark) perform the worst in terms of total productivity. Furthermore, it was found that large companies have significantly higher productivity when compared to their smaller competitors.

This study assesses the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows on economic growth and domestic investment in a panel of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries during the period of 1990–2017 by utilizing the method of fixed-effects and system generalized method of moments (GMM). The findings show that FDI inflows are positively and significantly associated with the economic growth of the host economy. When considering the origin of FDI, we find that FDI from developed countries contributes to the growth rate in the receiving economy, while FDI from developing countries shows no significant effect. Importantly, FDI does not appear to crowd in or out domestic investment. Only FDI from developed countries is associated with crowding in of domestic investment.

Corporate Governance has acquired a significant place in the national economies globally. Quality of governance impacts the business confidence index and resource mobilizations in the global marketplace. In various countries there is a conventional dominance of promoters or majority shareholders on the board of companies which implicates various propensities of risks and forms of risk cultures, making the problem of governance typical and critical for the regulators. Our paper examines the risk behaviour of firms in context of CG practices and creates distinct bundles of companies with specific risk cultures. Using a sample of 10 years’ panel data of 84 companies listed on the National Stock Exchange in India (NSE) for selected risk and CG variables, we measure the influence of CG measures on the risk propensity and behaviour and based on combinations of selected CG practices formulated the risk bundles. Based on the derived bundles of risk behaviour, regulators and policymakers can make informed decisions.

In a globalized world, companies are able to sell their products or services abroad or purchase them abroad. This generates advantages due to the expansion of the business area creating a broader market but comes along with currency risks. This paper examines which factors influence German SMEs’ willingness to conduct foreign business, respectively to do transactions in foreign currencies. An empirical study researches how the currency risk in North German SMEs is valued and assessed. The analysis further identifies the differences in the use of foreign currencies of rural and urban SMEs and examines the reasons for the use of foreign currencies and currency management which lead to the use of currency hedging. With a sample size of 73 SMEs the study aims for a better understanding of the foreign activities of German SMEs and investigates the approach to the currency risk management for a better understanding of their needs. In general, the paper shows that the larger a company is, the more likely is the use of a currency management. A comparison of rural and urban SMEs in Northern Germany reveals, that urban ones are larger and therefore more likely to use currency hedging. Based on the research, the paper provides recommendations for SMEs with foreign sales.

This paper closely examines how selected macroeconomic variables affect income in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The study employs a more recent dataset and uses fixed and random effects models to characterise the nature and direction of impact evidenced from the data. The analysis further incorporates a monetary policy element by introducing money market interest rate and examining its effects. In general, the paper reveals that income in SSA is significantly affected by trade. Additionally, money market interest rate is found to have no major impact on income as may be perceived, suggesting that this aspect of monetary policy has not played a major role in affecting income levels in SSA. The findings of this study can serve as a guide for policy makers within the region when considering policy actions in relation to income.

This research investigates factors influencing domestic energy demand among rural households. Data were collected from 260 randomly sampled household heads in the study area. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Tobit regression were used for the analysis. Tobit regression results revealed that gender, household size, income, occupation, farm size, and per capita expenditure were significant in influencing the use of fuelwood; age, gender, household size, occupation, education, and per capita expenditure for charcoal, while age, marital status, income, education and per capita expenditure were significant determinants in the use of kerosene. Also, income, occupation, and per capita expenditure were the factors influencing the use of electricity among rural households in the study area. The study concluded that apart from income, other household variables were significant in determining energy usage. The study, therefore, recommended that government and stakeholders should develop policies that will promote the use of safe, reliable, and clean energy sources in order to reduce the negative environmental consequences while also enhancing human life quality.

This paper identifies the relationship between changes in oil prices and the returns of the world's highest-producing oil companies. Oil companies are divided into state-owned (national) and private companies. This paper focused on three different time periods to identify the relationship between changes in oil price and stock market returns by examining the specific backgrounds of each period. The results revealed that during oil's bearish market, it was more beneficial for investors to prefer state-owned companies to optimise their portfolios. The risk analysis focused on systematic risk, and the beta coefficients confirmed that state-owned companies are less sensitive to market shocks. State-owned companies are supported by governments during periods of downtrends in oil prices; therefore, they are less likely to go bankrupt. However, these companies do not have as much flexibility as private companies to cut their costs; therefore, they are more negatively affected by market movements not defined by shocks.

This paper deals with the definition of micro-undertakings in the Visegrad Group countries (V4). To define micro-undertakings is a task of EU Member States with effect from 1 January 2016. The goal of the Directive is to create better conditions for undertakings and make them more competitive, in particular by reducing the administrative burden. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the level of criteria adopted for defining micro-undertakings in the V4 in relation to the intended reduction in their administrative burden. In addition to the V4, Germany is also researched as a representative of an advanced economy. The study was based on data from the Amadeus database and it was found out that most companies in the V4 belong to the category of micro-undertakings. To achieve the goal of the Directive, it is necessary to reduce their number. As the submitted proposals suggest, their number should be reduced to a level comparable to that of Germany.

The main objective of this study is to examine the effect of ownership structure on financial performance of Ethiopian commercial banks. Hence, the financial performance of state owned commercial bank was compared with privately owned commercial banks in Ethiopia based on key financial performance measures. In order to achieve the stated objective, the study adopts a quantitative research approach by using financial ratio analysis and test for means equality analysis techniques. Samples of fifteen commercial banks were selected based on the year of establishment. Audited financial statement data covering from 2011 to 2017 analyzed. The result reveal that ROEs of public sector bank was higher than those of private banks but the overall performance of state owned bank was not observed sound because other financial ratios including ROA, LDR, CDR, CAR and NIM, of most of the private banks were found superior. Other findings of the study show that there is a significance difference between the financial performance measures like ROE, CDR, LDR, CAR, EIR and NIM between states owned CBE and the privately owned banks in Ethiopia. In terms of ROA, not statically significant difference between state owned and private commercial banks in Ethiopia over the studied period.

This study investigates the impact of agricultural financing and agricultural output growth on employment generation in Nigeria from 1981 to 2017. The study adopts the framework of the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model for analysis. The empirical results show that while agricultural financing increases employment generation in both the short run and long run, the lag of agricultural output growth increases employment generation mainly in the short run. Other variables found to have significant effect on employment generation were price and agricultural output while labor force population, wages and aggregate expenditure were insignificant. The study concludes that policy makers should endeavor to see that every fund allocated for a specific agricultural schemes and interventions should be fully utilized for its purpose. To increase employment opportunities, there should be careful monitoring of the implementation of each scheme and policy to realize their specific objectives.

Foreign-owned firms enter foreign markets for traditional reasons (market acquisition, securing resources, and diversification), but lately they have also been seeking better economies of scale and a more rational allocation of expenditures, via shifting processes and activities to lower-cost countries. The aim of this paper is to analyse the major foreign direct investments (FDI) and impacts on Human Resource Management through seven case studies in Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia. Multinational Corporations are considered the driving force behind the internationalization of business. The shift from a domestic to a global business perspective also has a profound impact on corporate human resources management activities. The analysis confirms the general viewpoint in literature that HR work in subsidiaries of MNCs has shifted from an administrative role to a strategic contributor role. The strategic impact is especially big when it comes to fields which need to be "culturally translated": recruitment, compensation and benefits, and talent management. However, that influence is still limited to national HR work on a national level.

Named Entity Recognition (NER) focuses on finding named entities in text and classifying them into one of the entity types. Modern state-of-the-art NER approaches avoid using hand-crafted features and rely on feature-inferring neural network systems based on word embeddings. The paper analyzes the impact of different aspects related to word embeddings on the process and results of the named entity recognition task in Czech, which has not been investigated so far. Various aspects of word vectors preparation were experimentally examined to draw useful conclusions. The suitable settings in different steps were determined, including the used corpus, number of word vectors dimensions, used text preprocessing techniques, context window size, number of training epochs, and word vectors inferring algorithms and their specific parameters. The paper demonstrates that focusing on the process of word vectors preparation can bring a significant improvement for NER in Czech even without using additional language independent and dependent resources.

Scarcity, or limited resources, is the fundamental economic problem the humanity faces continuously. Without it, economics would be meaningless. Science-fiction literature depicts societies where abundance is becoming persistent feature. Humans no longer participate in the production process itself, machines become sentient thanks to artificial intelligence and everyone has access to all goods and services desired. Scarcity as a multiple-born phenomenon, namely originating with labour and land, has been eradicated. Everyone is fully satisfied, exchange is non-existing, the medium of exchange - money - is no longer required. This paper compares some of the most representative economic thoughts in science - fiction genre since 1910s. Main purpose is to identify whether the societies have really achieved post-scarcity or they are only transitional theories, suffocating from still-present scarcity. Results of the paper suggest that even though the societies look like and are presented as they achieved post-scarcity, they are still experiencing scarcity in certain forms and use a medium of exchange to redistribute resources. This implies that these theories rather depict a socialistic utopia than a fully emerged post-scarcity society, even in the most progressive novels scarcity still occurs. Only the Culture series indicate signs of fully developed post-scarcity era.

This paper focuses on identifying the relationship between institutional quality and income inequality in chosen post-Soviet countries during the period 2002–2017. Using panel analysis is found a nonmonotonic relationship between institutional quality and income inequality. Increasing institutional quality is associated with growing income inequality, but only to a certain extent; from a certain level, higher institutional quality leads to a reduction in income inequality. The growing institutional quality leads to a deepening of income inequality between the richest social class compared to the poorest and middle class. Role in this process plays a particular regulatory quality, which – as it seems – favors the upper 20%.

The study analyses the economics intuition that the domestic savings may determine the investments in a country. The assumption is tested on domestic savings between 1982 and 2016 in Southeast Asia economies in a panel regression framework. The hypothesis is that domestic savings stimulate economic growth through investment financing and, thus, the high savings rate observed in Southeast Asian countries can contribute to the outstanding GDP growth in the region. The tests sort out the significant determinants of investments. The analysis successfully indicates the significance of domestic savings beside other variables, and confirms the hypothesis, namely, the domestic savings affect investments and indirectly the economic growth, while FDI does not prove to be significant.

This study evaluates the impact of influencer marketing on consumers. Although online influencers are long established in German B2C markets, research in the field is scarce. Marketing managers are unsure how influencer marketing strategies should be drafted and which influencers should be recruited in order to maximize their marketing efforts at the consumer level. Based on a review of previous theoretical and empirical literature, a mixed method empirical study comprising semistructured interviews with three German fashion influencers and a consumer survey (N = 385) among the followers of these influencers are conducted to evaluate the impact of influencer activity on consumer followership, brand awareness and purchase intention. Results indicate that the intensity of influencer network involvement, intrinsic influencer motivation, authenticity of communication style and the real-life character of influencer posts increase the dependent variables. Hence, the empirical study has contributed to identify the most important determiners for the German B2C fashion influencer segment. Marketing managers are strongly advised to select influencers adequately and organize their marketing strategy in correspondence with their company and products.

One of the important issues for companies is liquidity from domestic and foreign trade. The market is classically defined by the number of available markets. Globalization and free trade zones set up the foreign market, which becomes increasingly important - even for SMEs. This paper analyzed approx. 60,000 bank transactions with foreign reference of Northern German SMEs by using Chi-square test and correlation analysis. The analysis proofs that an increasing number of foreign transfers increases the number of foreign currency accounts per company. The results also show that despite the existence of currency hedging tools, a significant proportion of SMEs continues to expose themselves to currency risk. The willingness to manage currency risks increases with the increase in value per transaction. Transactions with a value of less than EUR 10,000 are often transferred abroad in EUR instead of in foreign currency.